{"id":4327,"date":"2025-07-03T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-07-03T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lp.szlogic.cn\/glossary\/understanding-what-is-bit-error-rate\/"},"modified":"2026-06-22T09:21:47","modified_gmt":"2026-06-22T09:21:47","slug":"understanding-what-is-bit-error-rate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/glossary\/understanding-what-is-bit-error-rate","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ef7 L\u1ec7 L\u1ed7i Bit l\u00e0 G\u00ec? T\u00ecm Hi\u1ec3u V\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ed9 Nguy\u00ean V\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a T\u00edn Hi\u1ec7u S\u1ed1"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"What<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi si\u00eau k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c trong v\u00e0i miligi\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng \u201cbit\u201d k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t bit b\u1ecb l\u1eadt duy nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh y t\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng \u2014 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac <\/span>T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 L\u1ed7i Bit (BER)<\/strong><\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ea1ng trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i internet \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 BER l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o BER, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u2014 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 <\/span>b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang<\/strong><\/span><\/a>, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u261b T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i bit (BER) ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i bit l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u0111o \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/strong> v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u00eanh ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n d\u1eabn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1. N\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ed1 bit b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i khi nh\u1eadn so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 bit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n<\/strong> trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BER = (S\u1ed1 bit b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i) \/ (T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 bit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 10 bit b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i trong s\u1ed1 1.000.000 bit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi, th\u00ec BER s\u1ebd l\u00e0 10 \/ 1.000.000 = 10\u207b\u2075 (ho\u1eb7c 1 l\u1ed7i tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i 100.000 bit). BER th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u khoa h\u1ecdc (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 10\u207b\u2079, 10\u207b\u00b9\u00b2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t then ch\u1ed1t: BER so v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ed7i<\/strong>\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 BER l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7<\/em>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfm tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 1 Gbps (gigabit m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y) s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em> l\u1ed7i cao h\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf 100 Mbps (megabit m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y), ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng BER.<\/em> BER chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ph\u00e9p \u0111o l\u1ed7i, cho ph\u00e9p so s\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u261b V\u00ec sao BER l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng? \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 trung th\u1ef1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

BER kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

  1. \u0110\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady & hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng:<\/strong> BER th\u1ea5p cho th\u1ea5y li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c suy bi\u1ebfn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. BER cao d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i (l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm th\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng), m\u1ea5t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u00e9m (cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi video gi\u1eadt lag, chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ec7p ch\u1eadm, truy c\u1eadp \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y ch\u1eadm ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i).<\/p><\/li>

  2. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 (QoS):<\/strong> C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng BER \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn m\u1ee9c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 (SLA), \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p><\/li>

  3. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng & d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u BER \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u201cd\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng\u201d \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn. D\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng n\u00e0y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c suy gi\u1ea3m trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (nh\u01b0 linh ki\u1ec7n gi\u00e0 h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9), \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o BER lu\u00f4n n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p><\/li>

  4. Ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1:<\/strong> \u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng BER l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh. Vi\u1ec7c BER t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng h\u1ecfng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang<\/strong>), c\u00e1p k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nhi\u1ec5u qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c can nhi\u1ec5u.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u261b L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o BER?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra BER l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n

    1. Ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1eabu ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i bit gi\u1ea3 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean (PRBS) \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m tra (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t BERT \u2013 M\u00e1y ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i bit<\/strong>) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c c\u1eb7p b\u1ed9 thu-ph\u00e1t ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh).<\/p><\/li>

    2. Truy\u1ec1n d\u1eabn:<\/strong> M\u1eabu ki\u1ec3m tra di chuy\u1ec3n qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p><\/li>

    3. Thu nh\u1eadn & so s\u00e1nh:<\/strong> M\u1eabu nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m tra thu t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u kia. M\u1eabu n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh chi ti\u1ebft bit-t\u1eebng-bit v\u1edbi m\u1eabu g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n.<\/p><\/li>

    4. \u0110\u1ebfm l\u1ed7i & t\u00ednh to\u00e1n:<\/strong> Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfm m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p bit nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi bit \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 BER \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00eau tr\u00ean.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      C\u00e1c m\u00e1y BERT ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o BER c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 th\u1ea5p (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 10\u207b\u00b9\u2075) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bit kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mang t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u261b C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn BER<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      Nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn BER. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n<\/colgroup>

      Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1
      <\/strong><\/p><\/th>

      \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn BER<\/strong><\/p><\/th>

      Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr>

      T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec5u (SNR)<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

      Y\u1ebeU T\u1ed0 QUAN TR\u1eccNG NH\u1ea4T.<\/strong> SNR th\u1ea5p (t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u y\u1ebfu, nhi\u1ec5u cao) l\u00e0m t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh BER.<\/p><\/td>

      T\u0103ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t (trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p), gi\u1ea3m ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec5u, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng linh ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec5u th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1eafn nhi\u1ec5u.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

      B\u0103ng th\u00f4ng k\u00eanh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m m\u00e9o t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u, g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u (ISI), l\u00e0m t\u0103ng l\u1ed7i.<\/p><\/td>

      S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng linh ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1ed9ng, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng (CTLE, DFE, FFE).<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      M\u00e9o d\u1ea1ng<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

      Phi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n (b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n) l\u00e0m m\u00e9o d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u.<\/p><\/td>

      S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng linh ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u1ec1n m\u00e9o (pre-distortion).<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      \u0110\u1ed9 m\u00e9o th\u1eddi gian (jitter)<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

      Bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu bit b\u1ecb sai.<\/p><\/td>

      S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng linh ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec5u th\u1eddi gian (jitter) th\u1ea5p (b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang<\/strong>, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3), t\u1ed1i \u01b0u b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch in (PCB), s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5u th\u1eddi gian (jitter attenuators).<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      M\u1ee9c suy hao<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

      T\u1ed5n hao t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u theo kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch (s\u1ee3i quang, d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng) l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u thu.<\/p><\/td>

      S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 l\u1eb7p\/b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u1ed5n hao th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u00e1p quang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n), \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gh\u00e9p k\u00eanh ngang & nhi\u1ec5u<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

      C\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n gh\u00e9p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c k\u00eanh li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i s\u1ebd th\u00eam nhi\u1ec5u.<\/p><\/td>

      C\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1eafn nhi\u1ec5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1p, t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u00eanh, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u vi ph\u00e2n, l\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec5u.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng linh ki\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

      Linh ki\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 suy gi\u1ea3m (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u00f4-\u0111un b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang<\/strong>) g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec5u, m\u00e9o d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 jitter.<\/p><\/td>

      S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng linh ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t LINK-PP.<\/strong> Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      \u261b B\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang: M\u1eaft x\u00edch then ch\u1ed1t trong hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t BER<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      B\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang<\/strong><\/a> (nh\u01b0 SFP, SFP+, QSFP28, OSFP) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n sang t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u quang v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng c\u00e1p quang hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn BER:<\/p>\n\n\n\n