{"id":4022,"date":"2025-07-11T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-07-11T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lp.szlogic.cn\/glossary\/what-is-pam4-four-level-pulse-amplitude-modulation-basics\/"},"modified":"2026-06-22T09:06:18","modified_gmt":"2026-06-22T09:06:18","slug":"what-is-pam4-four-level-pulse-amplitude-modulation-basics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/glossary\/what-is-pam4-four-level-pulse-amplitude-modulation-basics","title":{"rendered":"PAM4 Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 xung b\u1ed1n m\u1ee9c"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"712\" src=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/5f408660b34441fcb684a16f0eac752d.webp\" alt=\"Four-Level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM4)\" class=\"wp-image-4019\" srcset=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/5f408660b34441fcb684a16f0eac752d.webp 1200w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/5f408660b34441fcb684a16f0eac752d-300x178.webp 300w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/5f408660b34441fcb684a16f0eac752d-1024x608.webp 1024w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/5f408660b34441fcb684a16f0eac752d-768x456.webp 768w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/5f408660b34441fcb684a16f0eac752d-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span class=\"qc-p1-tag\" style=\"color: rgb(64, 64, 64);\">S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o (AI), 5G v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn \u2013 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng m\u1ea1ng. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u Kh\u00f4ng quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng (NRZ) truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111ang ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 25 Gbps tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i k\u00eanh. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi <\/span><span class=\"qc-p1-tag\"><strong>PAM4 (\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 xung 4 m\u1ee9c)<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"qc-p1-tag\" style=\"color: rgb(64, 64, 64);\">, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf then ch\u1ed1t gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea1t b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y ti\u1ebfp theo v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cho <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/store-26045-400g-qsfp-dd-osfp-qsfp112.htm\"><span class=\"qc-p1-tag\"><strong>c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span class=\"qc-p1-tag\" style=\"color: rgb(64, 64, 64);\"> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec PAM4 l\u00e0 g\u00ec, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady? H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" ><strong>\u25b6 Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p>PAM4 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed1n m\u1ee9c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi hai bit \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u00eam b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng.<\/p><\/li><li><p>C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u0169 h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 NRZ ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n PAM4. PAM4 gi\u00fap d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhanh h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p g\u1ea7n nhau h\u01a1n.<\/p><\/li><li><p>PAM4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quang h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, ph\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 5G.<\/p><\/li><li><p>PAM4 g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5u. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. Vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u n\u00e2ng cao v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p><\/li><li><p>T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 PAM4 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1ea1ng nhanh nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" ><strong>\u25b6 V\u01b0\u1ee3t xa NRZ: V\u00ec sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n PAM4<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/glossary\/understanding-non-return-to-zero-in-digital-communication\/\"><strong>NRZ<\/strong><\/a><strong>, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 PAM2<\/strong>, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1: m\u1ee9c cao cho \u20181\u2019 v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p cho \u20180\u2019. M\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t bit. \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u00fang ta trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean m\u1ee9c 56 Gbps, 112 Gbps tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i k\u00eanh v\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, NRZ \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" >\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u NRZ nhanh h\u01a1n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng k\u00eanh cao h\u01a1n theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 m\u0169 (t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 baud). C\u00e1c v\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB), \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y suy gi\u1ea3m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u.<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u:<\/strong> T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 baud cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0m thu nh\u1ecf \u201ckhe m\u1eaft\u201d tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u, khi\u1ebfn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5u, jitter v\u00e0 suy hao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt.<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>Ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 NRZ c\u1ef1c cao th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1100\" src=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/237b0c2edabc4c95814384632353d425.webp\" alt=\"4-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM4)\" class=\"wp-image-3607\" srcset=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/237b0c2edabc4c95814384632353d425.webp 1200w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/237b0c2edabc4c95814384632353d425-300x275.webp 300w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/237b0c2edabc4c95814384632353d425-1024x939.webp 1024w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/237b0c2edabc4c95814384632353d425-768x704.webp 768w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/237b0c2edabc4c95814384632353d425-13x12.webp 13w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>PAM4: G\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, kh\u00f4ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 baud<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PAM4 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u00e3 h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Thay v\u00ec hai m\u1ee9c, PAM4 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng <strong>b\u1ed1n m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/strong>. M\u1ed7i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p 2 bit duy nh\u1ea5t:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\">M\u1ee9c 0: <code>00<\/code><\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\">M\u1ee9c 1: <code>01<\/code><\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\">M\u1ee9c 2: <code>10<\/code><\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\">M\u1ee9c 3: <code>11<\/code><\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>L\u1ee3i th\u1ebf then ch\u1ed1t? PAM4 truy\u1ec1n hai bit th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/strong>, so v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t bit c\u1ee7a NRZ. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, \u1edf c\u00f9ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 baud (s\u1ed1 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y), PAM4 cung c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" ><strong>\u25b6 Minh h\u1ecda s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa PAM4 v\u00e0 NRZ<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"712\" src=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/fbbf4ac046374b7f9db32a61d28e98a9.webp\" alt=\"PAM4 vs. NRZ\" class=\"wp-image-4020\" srcset=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/fbbf4ac046374b7f9db32a61d28e98a9.webp 1200w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/fbbf4ac046374b7f9db32a61d28e98a9-300x178.webp 300w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/fbbf4ac046374b7f9db32a61d28e98a9-1024x608.webp 1024w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/fbbf4ac046374b7f9db32a61d28e98a9-768x456.webp 768w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/fbbf4ac046374b7f9db32a61d28e98a9-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\n<colgroup><col style=\"min-width: 25px;\"\/><col style=\"min-width: 25px;\"\/><col style=\"min-width: 25px;\"\/><col style=\"min-width: 25px;\"\/><\/colgroup><tbody><tr><th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p><strong>\u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p><strong>NRZ (PAM2)<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p><strong>PAM4<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p><strong>L\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a PAM4<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p><strong>M\u1ee9c<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>2 (0, 1)<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>4 (00, 01, 10, 11)<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n m\u1ed7i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p><strong>Bit\/K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>1<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>2<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p><strong>G\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1edf c\u00f9ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 baud<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p><strong>T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 baud c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Cao (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 56 GBaud cho 56 Gbps)<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 28 GBaud cho 56 Gbps)<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p><strong>Gi\u1ea3m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng k\u00eanh<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Lower<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Cao h\u01a1n (bi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n)<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>NRZ \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng PAM4 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec5u<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>\u00cdt nh\u1ea1y h\u01a1n tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i bit<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Nh\u1ea1y h\u01a1n tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i bit<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n <strong>ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p><strong>\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>\u2264 25\/28 Gbps tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i lane<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>56 Gbps, 112 Gbps, 224 Gbps tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i lane<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" ><strong>\u25b6 Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a PAM4: Ph\u00e1t sinh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u PAM4 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n NRZ:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" >\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t:<\/strong> D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p bit (<code>00<\/code>, <code>01<\/code>, <code>10<\/code>, <code>11<\/code>). M\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1eebng t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p 2 bit.<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>K\u00eanh:<\/strong> T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n qua m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadt l\u00fd (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn PCB, c\u00e1p, li\u00ean k\u1ebft s\u1ee3i quang). N\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu suy hao, m\u00e9o d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5u.<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 4px;\"><strong>B\u1ed9 thu:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. B\u1ed9 thu ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1n m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 hai m\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: M\u1ee9c 1 sang M\u1ee9c 2) ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 NRZ. \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n n\u00e0y <strong>chi\u1ec1u cao m\u1eaft<\/strong> khi\u1ebfn PAM4 v\u1ed1n d\u0129 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n v\u1edbi:<\/p><ul><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>Nhi\u1ec5u:<\/strong> C\u00e1c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ee9c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ee9c li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1.<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>Su\u1ea5t suy hao:<\/strong> T\u1ed5n hao t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9, khi\u1ebfn \u201cm\u1eaft\u201d (eye diagram) co l\u1ea1i th\u00eam.<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>M\u00e9o d\u1ea1ng (ISI):<\/strong> T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u lan r\u1ed9ng theo th\u1eddi gian g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec5u l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 4px;\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/glossary\/digital-signal-processor-functionality-in-optical-transceivers\/\"><strong>X\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 (DSP)<\/strong><\/a><strong>:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng PAM4 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 (DSP) tinh vi \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea7u:<\/p><ul><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t:<\/strong> \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ti\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Feed-Forward Equalization \u2013 FFE) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u00e9o d\u1ea1ng k\u00eanh d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn.<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>B\u1ed9 thu:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u2013 CTLE, C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u2013 DFE) v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e8m theo S\u1eeda l\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfn (Forward Error Correction \u2013 FEC) nh\u1eb1m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 \u201cm\u1eaft\u201d, b\u00f9 l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5n hao\/m\u00e9o d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 s\u1eeda c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i do nhi\u1ec5u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 h\u1eb9p. FEC l\u00e0m t\u0103ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat t\u1ea3i d\u01b0 nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/glossary\/understanding-what-is-bit-error-rate\/\"><strong>t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i bit (BER)<\/strong><\/a> trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng PAM4.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" ><strong>\u25b6 T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng: N\u01a1i PAM4 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PAM4 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng giao di\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>Ethernet 400 Gigabit (400GbE):<\/strong> Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 8 k\u00eanh PAM4 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 56 Gbps (8x50G) ho\u1eb7c 4 k\u00eanh PAM4 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 112 Gbps (4x100G).<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>Ethernet 800 Gigabit (800GbE):<\/strong> T\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng 8 k\u00eanh PAM4 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 112 Gbps (8x100G).<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>Ethernet 1,6 Terabit (1,6TbE):<\/strong> C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 8 k\u00eanh PAM4 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 224 Gbps.<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DCI):<\/strong> V\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3.<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>C\u00e1c c\u1ee5m AI\/ML:<\/strong> C\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c GPU\/TPU \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p quang h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee5c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean PAM4.<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>Fibre Channel th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi:<\/strong> H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef cao h\u01a1n.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" ><strong>\u25b6 B\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang LINK-PP: Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p PAM4 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/c20a116e1e8045fea5af8dfd300c089e.webp\" alt=\"LINK-PP\" class=\"wp-image-4021\" srcset=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/c20a116e1e8045fea5af8dfd300c089e.webp 1200w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/c20a116e1e8045fea5af8dfd300c089e-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/c20a116e1e8045fea5af8dfd300c089e-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/c20a116e1e8045fea5af8dfd300c089e-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/c20a116e1e8045fea5af8dfd300c089e-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 PAM4 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/store-25432-optics-transceivers-sfp-modules.htm\"><strong>b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/strong><\/a>. <strong>LINK-PP<\/strong> \u0111ang d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t PAM4 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u1eaft khe c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c module c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u00edch h\u1ee3p <strong>b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 (DSP) ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn<\/strong>, c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ed1i \u01b0u trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang PAM4 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a LINK-PP:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/products\/472000.htm\"><strong>LINK-PP LQD-CW400-FR4C:<\/strong><\/a> C\u00e1c module 400G hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao cho kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 2 km s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee3i quang \u0111\u01a1n mode, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i spine v\u00e0 interconnect trong trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. <em>(Ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o cho nhu c\u1ea7u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ng trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u 400G c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n)<\/em><\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/products\/473139.htm\"><strong>LINK-PP LQ-M85200-SR4C:<\/strong><\/a> B\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n d\u1eabn t\u1ea7m ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0 trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cao.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eefng <strong>c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ROI cho m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u PAM4, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <strong>m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng<\/strong> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" ><strong>\u25b6 L\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng PAM4<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 4px;\"><strong>L\u1ee3i \u00edch:<br><\/strong><\/p><ul><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cao h\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 baud\/ph\u1ea1m vi k\u00eanh.<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>Cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n:<\/strong> L\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n <strong>400G, 800G v\u00e0 1,6T<\/strong> kh\u1ea3 thi nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a k\u00eanh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>T\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong> Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 NRZ th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (d\u00f9 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 4px;\"><strong>C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed t\u0103ng cao:<\/strong> Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u DSP tinh vi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ASIC\/IC ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n.<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u-nhi\u1ec5u (SNR) cao h\u01a1n:<\/strong> C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi k\u00eanh s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t DSP:<\/strong> C\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i FEC ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p><\/li><li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>Dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0 th\u1eeba do FEC:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng th\u00f4.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" ><strong>\u25b6 K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: PAM4 s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PAM4 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t; \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t gi\u00fap c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u2013 v\u1ed1n \u0111ang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u2013 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 thi. D\u00f9 PAM4 mang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u1ee3i \u00edch k\u00e9p v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng ph\u1ea1m vi b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng k\u00eanh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 PAM4 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai tham gia thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, tri\u1ec3n khai ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ea1ng trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng hay doanh nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng khai th\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a PAM4 trong m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 lo\u1ea1t b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang PAM4 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a LINK-PP, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c module 400G v\u00e0 800G h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0nh.<\/strong> C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1ea1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn <strong>c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p module quang ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed<\/strong> ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/sample.htm\"><strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1eabu b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang PAM4 \u279e<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/support.htm\"><strong>H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u279e<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" ><strong>FAQ<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >PAM4 l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a g\u00ec?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PAM4 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 xung v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n m\u1ee9c. B\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed1n m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed7i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p bit duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >T\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i khi d\u00f9ng PAM4?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p trong t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u PAM4 n\u1eb1m r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n nhau. Nhi\u1ec5u d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y ra sai s\u00f3t. S\u1eeda l\u1ed7i gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t n\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u1eef an to\u00e0n cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng PAM4 cho c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng PAM4 cho c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft ng\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c trung b\u00ecnh. Tr\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy gi\u1ea3m. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >PAM4 gi\u00fap t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PAM4 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n g\u1eedi hai bit trong m\u1ed7i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. B\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u0103ng b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >PAM4 ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1p quang th\u00f4i \u00e0?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng PAM4 c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1p quang. Nhi\u1ec1u trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec1u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng PAM4 cho c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>M\u1eb9o: N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh nh\u1ea5t, h\u00e3y t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch PAM4 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p><\/blockquote>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PAM4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 xung b\u1ed1n m\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n hai bit tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4019,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[26],"class_list":["post-4022","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-glossary","tag-optics-transceivers"],"blocksy_meta":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4022","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4022"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4022\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11378,"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4022\/revisions\/11378"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4019"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4022"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4022"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4022"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}