{"id":3516,"date":"2025-12-02T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-12-02T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lp.szlogic.cn\/knowledge-center\/ieee-802-3cd-50g-100g-200g-pam4-ethernet\/"},"modified":"2026-06-22T08:57:41","modified_gmt":"2026-06-22T08:57:41","slug":"ieee-802-3cd-50g-100g-200g-pam4-ethernet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/knowledge-center\/ieee-802-3cd-50g-100g-200g-pam4-ethernet","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch IEEE 802.3cd: Ethernet 50G, 100G &amp; 200G v\u1edbi PAM4"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"712\" src=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/882b27eb378945618d369548c34c2540.webp\" alt=\"What Is IEEE 802.3cd?\" class=\"wp-image-3513\" srcset=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/882b27eb378945618d369548c34c2540.webp 1200w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/882b27eb378945618d369548c34c2540-300x178.webp 300w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/882b27eb378945618d369548c34c2540-1024x608.webp 1024w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/882b27eb378945618d369548c34c2540-768x456.webp 768w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/882b27eb378945618d369548c34c2540-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\ud83d\udccc IEEE 802.3cd l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEEE 802.3cd l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Ethernet \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1edbp v\u1eadt l\u00fd (PHY) v\u00e0 <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/glossary\/what-is-physical-medium-dependent-pmd\/\">Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd (PMD)<\/a> c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho <strong>m\u1ea1ng 50 GbE, 100 GbE v\u00e0 200 GbE<\/strong> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng <strong>c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n 50G PAM4<\/strong>. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t n\u0103m 2018, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u 50G \u0111\u01a1n k\u00eanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u0111a k\u00eanh (2\u00d750G v\u00e0 4\u00d750G), cho ph\u00e9p m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng Ethernet t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch linh ho\u1ea1t v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ed5ng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i bit gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang PAM4\u2014\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 <strong>SFP56, <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/products\/491591.htm\"><strong>QSFP28<br><\/strong><\/a><strong>, QSFP56 v\u00e0 QSFP-DD<\/strong>\u2014\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u00e1c l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb 25G l\u00ean 200G.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\ud83d\udccc V\u00ec sao IEEE 802.3cd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf PAM4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a 802.3cd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb NRZ (PAM2) sang <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/glossary\/what-is-pam4-four-level-pulse-amplitude-modulation-basics\/\"><strong>PAM4<\/strong> \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >C\u00e1c \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a PAM4<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p><strong>M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cao h\u01a1n:<\/strong> PAM4 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a hai bit tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i th\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00f9ng d\u1ea3i b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a 50G \u0111\u01a1n k\u00eanh:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 50 Gb\/s tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i k\u00eanh \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kho\u1ea3ng 50 GBd.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n:<\/strong> Cho ph\u00e9p m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng t\u1eeb 50G \u2192 100G \u2192 200G m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed5ng.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1edbi PAM4, Ethernet c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng module quen thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\ud83d\udccc C\u00e1c PMD v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo IEEE 802.3cd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >C\u00e1c PMD cho 50 GbE<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p><strong>50GBASE-SR<\/strong> \u2013 S\u1ee3i quang \u0111a mode t\u1ea7m ng\u1eafn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t k\u00eanh PAM4 50G duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>50GBASE-FR<\/strong> \u2013 S\u1ee3i quang \u0111\u01a1n mode, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 2 km.<\/p><\/li><li><p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/products\/491591.htm\"><strong>50GBASE-LR<\/strong><\/a> \u2013 SMF v\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m vi 10 km d\u00e0nh cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >C\u00e1c PMD cho 100 GbE (2\u00d750G)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p><strong>100GBASE-FR2<\/strong> \u2013 Hai k\u00eanh PAM4 tr\u00ean SMF, ph\u1ea1m vi v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i.<\/p><\/li><li><p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/products\/491583.htm\"><strong>100GBASE-LR2<\/strong><\/a> \u2013 \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng SMF t\u1ea7m xa hai k\u00eanh.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>100GBASE-DR\/DR2<\/strong> \u2013 T\u1ed1i \u01b0u cho li\u00ean k\u1ebft SMF ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh trong trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >C\u00e1c PMD cho 200 GbE (4\u00d750G)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/products\/473139.htm\"><strong>200GBASE-SR4<\/strong><\/a> \u2013 B\u1ed1n k\u00eanh 50G tr\u00ean s\u1ee3i quang \u0111a mode song song; l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i leaf\/spine m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>200GBASE-FR4 \/ LR4<\/strong> \u2013 Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p SMF b\u1ed1n k\u00eanh cho ph\u1ea1m vi 2 km v\u00e0 10 km t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3cd \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 quang cho c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, bao g\u1ed3m TDECQ, OMAouter c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 thu v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau BER theo t\u1eebng k\u00eanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\ud83d\udccc C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tri\u1ec3n khai trong trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >50G \u0111\u01a1n k\u00eanh cho m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nhi\u1ec1u trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn (hyperscale) v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng <strong>SFP56 50G<\/strong> giao di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft truy c\u1eadp m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7, thay th\u1ebf 25G l\u00e0m b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng n\u00fat ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >100G l\u00e0m t\u1ea7ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00ean (Uplink Tier)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 2 l\u00e0n 50G, c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft 100G v\u1eabn l\u00e0 l\u1edbp t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc Top-of-Rack (ToR) v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc leaf. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/products\/472577.htm\">100G QSFP28<\/a> ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4-\u0111un SFP-DD cung c\u1ea5p m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >200G cho m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi leaf-to-spine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/products\/473139.htm\">QSFP56 200G<\/a> ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t QSFP-DD cho ph\u00e9p ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac b\u1ed1n l\u00e0n 50G v\u1edbi t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t chia t\u00e1ch (breakout). M\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng 200G \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh <strong>4\u00d750G<\/strong> cho m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c n\u00fat t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t chia t\u00e1ch (Breakout Flexibility)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00e0n (lane-based architecture) khi\u1ebfn IEEE 802.3cd tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p>QSFP56 200G \u2192 4\u00d7SFP56 50G<\/p><\/li><li><p>QSFP28 100G \u2192 2\u00d7SFP56 50G<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo t\u1eeb 25G sang 50G.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\ud83d\udccc L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho IEEE 802.3cd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"712\" src=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/6e8b859454564c7783bcadfeaf9ad480.webp\" alt=\"802.3cd-compliant optical transceivers\" class=\"wp-image-3514\" srcset=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/6e8b859454564c7783bcadfeaf9ad480.webp 1200w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/6e8b859454564c7783bcadfeaf9ad480-300x178.webp 300w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/6e8b859454564c7783bcadfeaf9ad480-1024x608.webp 1024w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/6e8b859454564c7783bcadfeaf9ad480-768x456.webp 768w, https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/6e8b859454564c7783bcadfeaf9ad480-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ea1ng 50G\/100G\/200G, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/glossary\/what-is-physical-medium-dependent-pmd\/\">PMD<\/a> lo\u1ea1i, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch s\u1ee3i quang v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ed5ng chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch (form factor).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n khai IEEE 802.3cd, LINK-PP cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c danh m\u1ee5c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\u25b7 B\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang 50G (SFP56 \/ QSFP28)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00e0nh cho 50GBASE-SR\/FR\/LR m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n v\u00e0 truy c\u1eadp m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 50G:<br\/>\ud83d\udd17<br> <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/store-27046-50g-qsfp28-sfp56.htm\">https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/store-27046-50g-qsfp28-sfp56.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\u25b7 B\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang 100G (QSFP28 \/ SFP-DD)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00ean 2\u00d750G, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p spine 100G v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng DR\/FR\/LR:<br\/>\ud83d\udd17<br> <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/store-27045-100g-qsfp28-sfp-dd.htm\">https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/store-27045-100g-qsfp28-sfp-dd.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\u25b7 B\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang 200G (QSFP-DD \/ QSFP56)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi leaf-spine 4\u00d750G v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch chia t\u00e1ch (breakout):<br\/>\ud83d\udd17<br> <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/store-26224-200g-qsfp-dd-qsfp56.htm\">https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/store-26224-200g-qsfp-dd-qsfp56.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un n\u00e0y h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u PAM4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch c\u1ee7a IEEE nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t TDECQ, \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 thu v\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n BER tr\u00ean t\u1eebng l\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\ud83d\udccc Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u00e0 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tri\u1ec3n khai IEEE 802.3cd \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p><strong>Lo\u1ea1i PMD \u0111\u00fang<\/strong> (SR, FR, LR, DR) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c (form factor)<\/strong> (SFP56, QSFP28, QSFP56, QSFP-DD).<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>M\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t quang h\u1ecdc<br><\/strong> bao g\u1ed3m OMAouter v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t trung b\u00ecnh.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 thu<\/strong> trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n PAM4 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5u (stressed PAM4 conditions).<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau BER tr\u00ean t\u1eebng l\u00e0n<\/strong> and <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/glossary\/fec-forward-error-correction-in-optical-communication\/\">FEC<\/a> t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>\u00c1nh x\u1ea1 chia t\u00e1ch (Breakout mapping)<\/strong> khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i 200G \u2194 50G.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\ud83d\udccc K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEEE 802.3cd \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho <strong>Ethernet 50G, 100G v\u00e0 200G<\/strong>, ng\u00e0y nay, mang l\u1ea1i <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/glossary\/what-is-pam4-four-level-pulse-amplitude-modulation-basics\/\">\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf PAM4<\/a> v\u00e0o tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng module quen thu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 25G v\u00e0 40G sang c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/products\/473139.htm\">B\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 802.3cd<\/a>\u2014v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m 50G\/100G\/200G c\u1ee7a LINK-PP\u2014cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady cho k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, h\u00e3y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/store-25432-optics-transceivers-sfp-modules.htm\">LINK-PP\u2019s<br><\/a> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 lo\u1ea1t b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi IEEE 802.3cd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\ud83d\udccc C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef quang h\u1ecdc &amp; \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ch\u00ednh trong IEEE 802.3cd (T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u1ecf)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\u2605 TDECQ (\u0110\u1ed9 kh\u00e9p m\u1eaft do b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u00e1n s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi PAM4)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">TDECQ l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean PAM4. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u201ckh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i\u201d c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1eaft quang sau khi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1n s\u1eafc, nhi\u1ec5u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c suy hao k\u00eanh kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t <strong>gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb TDECQ th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n<\/strong> cho th\u1ea5y t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u PAM4 s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 bi\u00ean d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. IEEE 802.3cd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng TDECQ nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t quang 50G, 100G v\u00e0 200G.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\u2605 OMAouter (Bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf quang ngo\u00e0i)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OMAouter bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb <strong>s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa m\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t quang cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t<\/strong> (M\u1ee9c 3 v\u00e0 M\u1ee9c 0) trong t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u PAM4. V\u00ec PAM4 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed1n m\u1ee9c r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, n\u00ean OMAouter cung c\u1ea5p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf so v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t trung b\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t <strong>gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb OMAouter cao h\u01a1n<\/strong> th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 thu v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho 50GBASE-SR\/FR\/LR v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 \u0111a k\u00eanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\u2605 BER (T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i bit)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/glossary\/understanding-what-is-bit-error-rate\/\">BER<\/a> \u0111o t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 bit b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 bit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n. IEEE 802.3cd quy \u0111\u1ecbnh <strong>c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau BER theo t\u1eebng k\u00eanh<\/strong>, th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng <strong>m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau BER tr\u01b0\u1edbc FEC l\u00e0 2,4\u00d710\u207b\u2074<\/strong> cho c\u00e1c k\u00eanh PAM4. V\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt S\u1eeda l\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 FEC KP4), BER sau FEC \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\ud83d\udccc C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p (FAQ)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >IEEE 802.3cd l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEEE 802.3cd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Ethernet \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 l\u1edbp v\u1eadt l\u00fd cho <strong>50GbE, 100GbE v\u00e0 200GbE<\/strong> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng <strong>\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf PAM4<\/strong>. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 <strong>50GBASE-SR\/FR\/LR<\/strong>, <strong>100GBASE-SR2<\/strong>, and <strong>200GBASE-SR4<\/strong>, nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ng trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >\u0110\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c IEEE 802.3cd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEEE 802.3cd b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/glossary\/what-is-physical-medium-dependent-pmd\/\"><strong>PAM4 (\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 xung 4 m\u1ee9c)<\/strong><\/a> cho m\u1ecdi giao di\u1ec7n 50G m\u1ed7i k\u00eanh. PAM4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bit tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i k\u00eanh so v\u1edbi NRZ trong khi v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 baud, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ethernet 50G, 100G v\u00e0 200G c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >IEEE 802.3cd c\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi NRZ kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3, trong nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec3n khai, c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean PAM4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n NRZ <strong>mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng ch\u1ee7, giao di\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 module quang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p<\/strong>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, PAM4 v\u00e0 NRZ kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft; c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a IEEE 802.3cd l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEEE 802.3cd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p>truy c\u1eadp m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 50G (SFP56, QSFP28)<\/p><\/li><li><p>c\u00e1c l\u1edbp spine\/t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p 100G<\/p><\/li><li><p>c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac leaf-spine 200G<\/p><\/li><li><p>m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, c\u1ee5m AI\/ML v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn<\/p><\/li><li><p>c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00ean (uplink) 50G m\u1ed7i k\u00eanh trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00f4-\u0111un (2\u00d750G, 4\u00d750G)<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang n\u00e0o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 IEEE 802.3cd?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEEE 802.3cd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c module quang 50G, 100G v\u00e0 200G, bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p><strong>50GBASE-SR\/FR\/LR<\/strong> (SFP56 \/ QSFP28) cho 50GbE \u0111\u01a1n k\u00eanh<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>100GBASE-SR2<\/strong> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c module ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh 2\u00d750G (QSFP28 \/ SFP-DD)<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>200GBASE-SR4\/DR4\/FR4<\/strong> (QSFP-DD \/ QSFP56)<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/store-25432-optics-transceivers-sfp-modules.htm\">LINK-PP<\/a> cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 IEEE 802.3cd \u1edf m\u1ecdi l\u1edbp t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >IEEE 802.3cd c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi IEEE 802.3bs (400G) v\u00e0 802.3cu?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/knowledge-center\/ieee-802-3bs-200g-400g-ethernet-standard\/\"><strong>3bs<\/strong><\/a> \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a 400GbE v\u00e0 c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u00eanh 50G nh\u01b0ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 k\u00eanh cao h\u01a1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 8\u00d750G).<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>3cu<\/strong> m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng 100G\/400G sang c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee3i quang \u0111\u01a1n mode (SMF) t\u1ea7m xa h\u01a1n (DR\/FR\/LR).<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>3cd<\/strong> l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng cho <strong>Ethernet 50G m\u1ed7i k\u00eanh \u1edf c\u1ea3 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n k\u00eanh v\u00e0 \u0111a k\u00eanh<\/strong>, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p linh ho\u1ea1t t\u1eeb 25G \u2192 50G \u2192 100G\/200G \u2192 400G.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" >IEEE 802.3cd c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c AI\/ML v\u00e0 HPC th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac <strong>PAM4 50G m\u1ed7i k\u00eanh c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y<\/strong> ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m AI, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/glossary\/what-is-hpc-high-performance-computing\/\">C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng HPC<\/a>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng GPU quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac spine-leaf c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 th\u1ea5p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh linh ho\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 4\u00d750G ho\u1eb7c 2\u00d7100G.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec IEEE 802.3cd quy \u0111\u1ecbnh cho Ethernet 50G, 100G v\u00e0 200G. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 PAM4, c\u00e1c PMD ch\u00ednh, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 thu ph\u00e1t quang LINK-PP ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3515,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[13,24,26],"class_list":["post-3516","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-knowledge-center","tag-100g-modules","tag-link-pp","tag-optics-transceivers"],"blocksy_meta":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3516","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3516"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3516\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11328,"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3516\/revisions\/11328"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3515"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3516"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3516"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resourceslp.szlogic.cn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3516"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}